The Earth's surface environments are in a constant state of change resulting from the interaction of its atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. Changes on the surface occur on various time scales from brief, severe storms to glaciations lasting thousands of years and changes in continents and ocean basin environments occurring over millions of years due to tectonic processes. Studies of surficial processes and materials illustrate the dynamic nature of the Earth and provide a key to understanding past and future environmental change. The lectures are complemented with field and laboratory study. Field experiences include day trips to local geologic settings and to the Maine coast.

We will study plate tectonics and hazards by focusing on, and visiting, the excellent and diverse geologic landscapes of Maine. The rocky coast and glaciated bedrock mountains have a rich geologic history spanning 500 million years that includes periods of mountain building, eruptions of super volcanoes, and ruptures of rifting continents. In order to take advantage of the great diversity of sites in Maine, this course includes four full day fieldtrips on weekends to geologic settings throughout the state. Together, we will experience outdoor group situations with shared responsibilities of travel, field safety, and weather conditions. The hands-on, outdoors-oriented curriculum will give an introduction to basic field methods, geologic mapping, and observations and data collection as we explore examples of the tectonic processes that are responsible for geologic hazards.

The Earth System is composed of the dynamic interactions between its various components: the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and the atmosphere. Humans are perturbing these components at unprecedented rates, resulting in climate and environmental change on regional and global scales. In this course, students examine the Earth’s climate system on multiple timescales and investigate current topics in global change, including the impact of greenhouse gases on global climate, sea level, El Niño, global dimming, and ocean acidification. Experiential learning may include field trips to sites that illustrate environmental change on local and regional scales and analysis of large data sets.

An integrated, interdisciplinary marine science overview encompassing physical, biological, and social aspects of the marine environment. Oceanography topics encompass origins and geological history of the oceans, structure of basins and sediments, ocean chemistry, as well as currents, waves, and tides. Biological subjects include diversity, physiology, and behavior of marine organisms, ecology of major marine communities, and global change biology. Social considerations include human impacts on marine environments (including fisheries) and conservation.

The study of modern sedimentary processes and environments provides geologists with a basis for comparison with ancient deposits preserved in the rock record. The analysis of modern sedimentary environments and reconstruction of ancient environments permit stratigraphic reconstructions at regional and global scales. Laboratory work includes field studies of processes and interpretation of modern and ancient depositional systems. Prerequisite(s): one introductory earth and climate sciences course.

Geographical information systems (GIS) are computer-based systems for geographical data presentation and analysis. They allow rapid development of high-quality maps, and enable sophisticated examination of spatial patterns and interrelationships. In this course students learn the principles of GIS through extensive computer use of ArcGIS Pro (ESRI). Geological and environmental projects introduce students to cartography, common sources of geographic data, methods for collecting novel spatial data, and data quality. Finally, students learn to extend the capabilities of GIS software to tackle more advanced spatial analysis tasks by completing an independent project. Lectures supplement the laboratory component of the course. Not open to students who have received credit for ENVR220. Prerequisite: one 100-level course in earth and climate sciences or one 200-level course in environmental studies.

An introduction to the dynamical behavior of climate on geologic and human timescales. Simple conceptual models are developed, with the goal of understanding the role of feedback, stability, and abrupt changes. Topics include the basic physics of climate, El Niño/La Niña, climate models, the greenhouse effect and global warming, and glacial cycles. Python is used as the main computational tool; no prior experience is required. Prerequisite(s): MATH 105 or 106; and any 100-level earth and climate sciences course or PHYS 109.

Many geochemical processes that occur within the lithosphere, such as crystallization of magmas, metamorphism, and weathering, are understood through the study of minerals and rocks. This course covers the occurrence and composition of the common rock-forming minerals; the mineral reactions and assemblages typical of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary environments; and applications to a range of tectonic processes. The laboratory involves the identification of minerals and the determination of mineral composition in hand specimens and by optical microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction. Prerequisite(s): one introductory earth and climate sciences course.

Hydrogeology is the study of the movement and interaction of surface water and groundwater within rocks and sediments. This course uses hydrogeology as a disciplinary framework for learning about surface water and groundwater processes, contamination, supply, use, and management. Students engage in practical applications of hydrogeology via discussions, guest lectures, research projects, problem sets, and hands-on experience. Students learn field and laboratory methods for determining and analyzing surface water and groundwater flow, contamination, and aquifer properties by working on data from sites of interest in central Maine and elsewhere. Class visits by professional hydrogeologists and environmental consultants provide connections and information on career opportunities in the field. Prerequisite(s): ENVR 203 or one 100-level earth and climate sciences course.

The processes of mountain building and plate tectonics are understood by observing the structure and architecture of rocks. This course explores the nature and types of structures present in rocks that make up the Earth's crust. Fundamental concepts and principles of deformation are examined in a variety of field settings. The laboratory introduces the techniques used in descriptive and kinematic structural analysis. Several one-day excursions and one weekend field trip may take place throughout Maine and the mountains of the northern Appalachians. Prerequisite(s): any 100-level earth and climate sciences course.

Environmental Geochemistry explores the distribution of elements and compounds in the Earth’s surface environments and how they are influenced by both natural systems and human activities. Students investigate critical environmental challenges such as water pollution, acid mine drainage, and ocean acidification. Emphasizing real-world applications, the course introduces geochemical tools and principles to trace pollutants, understand carbon cycling, and develop practical solutions. Hands-on field and lab research projects provide experience in collection and analysis of samples using specialized instrumentation (such as multiparameter water quality meters, ICP-MS, and EA-IRMS). Prerequisite(s): any 100-level earth and climate sciences course.

This course explores the structure and function of lakes and rivers and their relationship to the surrounding terrestrial systems. Students consider physical, chemical, and biological processes that influence the movement and quality of water, emphasizing controls on the distribution, movement, and chemistry of water both to and within freshwater ecosystems. Field and laboratory studies combine ecological, geological, and chemical approaches to questions of water quality and quantity as well as an introduction to working with large data sets. Students are assumed to be proficient in the use of spreadsheets. Prerequisite(s): one of the following: BIO 195; ENVR 203; BI/EA 112; EACS 103, 104, 107, 109, or FYS 476.

Paleoseismology is the study of past earthquakes. According to Charles Lyell, "[the] present is the key to [the] past," but the past is also the key to the present and future. Therefore, the estimation of past earthquake timelines is important to better access the potential of the future earthquakes. In this course, students develop an understanding of the earthquake geology and tectonic geomorphology and learn to identify earthquake generating active faults around the world using of aerial photographs, satellite data, and ArcGIS. Students learn to estimate the magnitude of past and future earthquakes using trench logs, borehole cores and geochronology as a case study from different seismically active regions such as New Zealand, Japan, Himalaya, and California and synthesize future potential trenching sites using conceptual knowledge learned from this course. Prerequisite(s), which may be taken concurrently: EACS 230.

In this course-based research experience, students apply concepts in basin analysis and hazards to research impacts of global catastrophe on the geologic record. Students analyze diverse forms of data including sediment cores, stratigraphic columns, seismic (geophysical) data, and petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical data from ocean drilling campaigns (plus onshore outcrops). Students interrogate scientific literature to collaboratively compile a global dataset cataloguing the marine sedimentary response to the Chicxulub asteroid impact 66 million years ago. This impact resulted in extreme environmental change, including mass extinction of the dinosaurs and 75% of living species, as well as worldwide wildfires, climate cooling, a global mega-tsunami, and submarine landslides. However, this impact’s imprint on the marine sedimentary record, especially the coarse-grained clastic record, is understudied. Students will contribute to filling this gap in the scientific literature.

The Quaternary Period, representing the last 2.6 million years of geologic history, is characterized by extreme climatic fluctuations with effects ranging from globally synchronous glacier expansions to periods warmer than present. Records of the climatic fluctuations are contained in sediments on land and in the oceans and lakes and also in the stratigraphy of ice caps. This course examines various climate proxy records and the dating methods used to constrain them. This course may require a lab. When the course is offered with a lab, fieldwork focuses on the recovery of sediment cores from local lakes, while in-class labs emphasize physical, chemical, and paleontological analyses of the sediment cores. Prerequisite(s): any 200-level earth and climate sciences course.

The stable isotope composition of modern and ancient waters and biological materials has revolutionized our understanding of biogeochemical cycling at the Earth's surface and of environmental change. This course focuses on the theory and applications of stable isotope fractionation of O and H in water and of C, N and S in biological materials for modern and past environmental research. Topics are explored through analysis of scientific literature and real-world datasets, focused on applications in climate science, paleoecology, hydrology, and pollution tracing. Students will use the stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer housed in the Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory. The interdisciplinary nature of the subject material lends itself well to upper-level students from a variety of science majors. Prerequisite(s): Any 200-level earth and climate sciences course. Recommended background: EACS 240.

Students, in consultation with a faculty advisor, individually design and plan a course of study or research not offered in the curriculum. Course work includes a reflective component, evaluation, and completion of an agreed-upon product. Sponsorship by a faculty member in the program/department, a course prospectus, and permission of the chair are required. Students may register for no more than one independent study per semester.

The formation and occurrence of rocks in the lithosphere are directly relatable to plate tectonic processes. Tectonic environments such as rift valleys or subduction zones are characterized by specific assemblages of igneous and metamorphic rocks. This course examines rock and mineral assemblages typical of global tectonic environments, the processes by which they are generated, and the methods by which they are studied. Prerequisite(s): any 200-level earth and climate sciences course. Recommended background: EACS 223.

The thesis is a program of independent research conducted by the student, on a field, laboratory, and/or computational problem, under the direction of a faculty mentor. Seniors participate in the regularly scheduled weekly seminar, which includes preparation of an annotated bibliography, a thesis proposal, and timely submission of written results and oral progress reports of thesis research. Students are responsible for scheduling weekly individual meetings with their faculty committee. A public presentation is scheduled during finals week. Students register for EACS 457 in the fall semester. Students conducting a two-semester thesis must register for both EACS 457 and 458.

The thesis is a program of independent research conducted by the student, on a field, laboratory, and/or computational problem, under the direction of a faculty mentor. Seniors participate in the regularly scheduled seminar, which includes timely submission of written results and oral progress reports of thesis research. Students are responsible for scheduling individual meetings with their faculty committee. A public presentation and an oral defense are scheduled during the final week of the winter semester. Students register for EACS 458 in the winter semester. Students conducting a two-semester thesis must register for both EACS 457 and 458.

How are models used in the physical sciences? How are models informed by data in different disciplines, and how do we analyze it? This course will provide students with an opportunity to explore the many ways that models are used to conduct scientific research, and gain insights into how models can support their academic and career goals. We will discuss a variety of models, techniques, and tools used throughout the physical sciences, and guide students to use them for their own research project. Students will learn data fundamentals as well as specific applications of these data-driven techniques to fields within the physical sciences. Lessons will be taught through a lecture and lab component, going over the concepts before letting students work through coding projects, enabling them to create and conduct their own data-driven research. This course has no prerequisites, and aims to bring together students from a wide variety of academic disciplines and any level of coding experience.

Mastering technical equipment is a valuable skill that enhances critical thinking, problem-solving, and employability. This hands-on, outdoor-focused course provides training on a wide range of tools, including Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) GPS, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), and drones. These instruments have broad applications. For example, RTK-GPS can measure elevation changes with sub-centimeter accuracy, making it ideal for mapping coastlines vulnerable to erosion, assessing marsh stability, or tracking landforms altered by earthquakes. GPR, a geophysical tool used to scan the subsurface, is commonly employed to locate corroded or leaking pipelines, uncover hidden archaeological artifacts, unmarked graves, weapons, or identify geological features such as faults, which are critical to map before constructing dams or tunnels. This course will equip students with technological literacy and prepare them for academic or industry-based research. Prerequisite(s): one 100-level EACS course.

To stay below global warming thresholds set by the international community, we must begin to durably sequester carbon at an industrial scale in the coming decades. After an introduction to Earth systems science, this course will explore and assess carbon dioxide removal technologies, including enhanced silicate weathering, ocean alkalinity enhancement, ocean fertilization, and biomass carbon removal. This course will include laboratory experiments, local field trips, and discussion of academic literature.

The Aotearoa New Zealand Short Term incorporates a diversity of themes, locations, pedagogies, research experiences, and student interests, and overall provides students with a packed agenda of many, essentially globally-unique opportunities. By engaging with this diversity of themes and experiences, this proposed course aims to both provide students with these unique opportunities and to foster and develop students’ fieldwork skills, intensive geological mapping skills, applied geochemical and mineralogical interpretation skills, and ability to conduct meaningful scientific research (including literature review and reading papers, designing fieldwork campaigns, assessing appropriate field and analytical techniques and tools, analyzing and synthesizing data, interpreting real-world results, and writing scientific reports). Students will contextualize and apply these skills toward societally-relevant issues, including natural hazards, renewable (geothermal) energy, and climate change.

This course provides a hands-on introduction to geochronology and thermochronology, focusing on the principles, techniques, and applications of radiometric dating methods in Earth sciences. Students will analyze and interpret geochronologic and thermochronologic datasets to address geological questions, including the timing and rates of tectonic, volcanic, and erosion processes. The course integrates a case study of real detrital apatite fission-track data from the Arctic Ocean, requiring interpretation and thermal history modeling using software such as HeFTy or QTQt. Students will develop skills in data handling and visualization, and model interpretation. The course culminates in the preparation of data and models for a journal-style manuscript, providing an opportunity for students to refine their research communication. Ideal for those pursuing research or careers in Earth and climate sciences, particularly in geochronology and geodynamics. Prerequisite(s): Any 200-level EACS course.

Students, in consultation with a faculty advisor, individually design and plan a course of study or research not offered in the curriculum. Course work includes a reflective component, evaluation, and completion of an agreed-upon product. Sponsorship by a faculty member in the program/department, a course prospectus, and permission of the chair are required. Students may register for no more than one independent study during a Short Term.